Midjourney / Prompt: "Create a beautiful illustration that represents the history of the written word"

In Pursuit of a Better Book

How AI fixes e-books' sins

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To embrace e-books is to embrace change, to accept that books are collections of words and ideas, to believe that the form factor of a book is not sacred.

For a book is “a written or printed work consisting of pages glued or sewn together,” according to the New Oxford American Dictionary. An e-book, meanwhile, is merely a collection of words in a file, a book only if you squint. It is words, one after another, with no permanence, no sense of length or depth aside from a scrollbar or reading percentage. It is impermanent, flexible, a reading jack-of-all-trades, the farthest thing possible from sewn pages.

E-books, if anything, have more in common with their earlier cousin, the scroll. As Tim Urban discovered when trying to find the optimal way to read his What’s Our Problem eBook, “The best e-book experience … is Apple Books > iPad > sepia > vertical scroll.”  Nothing could be closer to a reincarnated scroll—perhaps a more fitting metaphor for electronic texts than the book.

E-books have always felt like they’re missing something. They’re lacking what Glenn Fleishman coined as “bookiness”: “The essence that makes someone feel like they’re using a book.” Bookiness is the heft, the aroma of paper and ink, the sensation of flipping through pages.

The harder e-books try to imitate a book—Apple Books’ paper-like page turn animations, Kindle’s estimated page numbers, and PDF documents’ faithful-to-print page layouts—the worse they feel. No amount of skeuomorphic animations and layout can make up for the slightly off-kilter feeling in e-books when the typography and margins are a bit off and page numbers change on a whim.

We made e-books in the image of books, and in a head-to-head competition on bookiness, the e-book will always come up short. “E-books are digital, but beyond that they’re not much different than books,” remarked tech analyst Ben Thompson in 2015, and maybe that’s been their problem all along.

What if we had it wrong? What if ideas weren’t meant to be bound between covers, locked away in inky, typeset pages? What if the book was only one stage in the evolution of knowledge storage, and now it’s time to reinvent the long-form text?

What if we start over, and remake the book in the image of technology?

From clay tablets to the tabula: tracing the evolution of books

If you step back in time, the book itself wasn’t invented in a single burst of inspiration. The history of books started, as so much of human history did, in Mesopotamia.

Paper had yet to be invented when humans began writing knowledge down to store it somewhere safe to forget. From Mesopotamia on, as early as 4000 BCE, our ancestors scratched their earliest ideas onto clay tablets.

“Tablets were for disposable text,” noted author Lev Grossman. You’d jot down ideas then pat the clay smooth to reuse it later. Monumental ideas could be preserved for posterity, if you wanted, by baking the clay to freeze ideas into stone. Everything else, you’d smooth out and start again tomorrow.

Then someone got the idea to put two clay tablets together to build the first book: the tabula.

Take two pieces of wood, hinged together with a clasp, and cover them with “blackened wax that could be inscribed with a bronze or iron stylus, one end of which was flat so the wax could be smoothed and written upon again,” relays James Grout in Encyclopaedia Romana, and you had a proto-notebook. You’d write and rewrite your ideas and calculations, before smoothing them into oblivion to start over again. It was an iterative update to clay tablets, enough to carry humans and their mobile writing needs into the Roman era.

The tabula was humanity’s first book, crafted in the image of the clay tablet.

Papyrus, parchment, paper, and low-end disruption

Humans innovate, as they’re wont to do, and the state-of-the-art in writing technology started moving on. By the time the tabula was invented (during the dawn of the Roman empire), there was another writing medium for the long-term storage of important ideas: Egyptian papyrus. Made from sheets of Nile reed pith, papyrus emerged around 2000 BCE. It “keeps a faithful witness of human deeds; it speaks of the past, and is the enemy of oblivion,” enthused Roman scholar Cassidorus. It wasn’t for everyday musings. It was for posterity, with lengthy texts rolled into scrolls.

Either a papyrus shortage or an export ban from Alexandria (of Library fame) prompted a switch starting around 200 BCE from papyrus to sheepskin parchment as a drop-in replacement for papyrus. It was a medium change, the iPhone-losing-the-home-button of ancient times. You still wrote the most important ideas and rolled them in scrolls, but now they were made of cheaper, more widely available sheepskin turned into parchment.

That medium change planted the seed for something new. Parchment was cheaper than imported papyrus. That marginal difference meant you could experiment with parchment and find new use cases for it beyond scrolls.

The book was one such use case. Someone in Rome got the bright idea to swap the wood and wax of the tabula with parchment, and invented the first actual notebook—at first, called a codex. A codex could contain as many pages as you wanted, now that you were no longer limited by weighty clay. “Stitched together and protected by a cover, the parchment notebook was used for accounts, notes, drafts, and letters,” writes Grout. This was for ordinary writing, the writing formerly done on clay tablets, not the lofty ideas reserved for scrolls.

The codex was an early example of what Clayton Christensen would call low-end disruption. Parchment was a “good-enough product”—cheaper and more widely available than papyrus, even if it didn’t afford as nice of a writing experience. Parchment changed the medium behind scrolls, then changed clay tabula into early books, before going up-market and changing publishing forever. 

If humanity had only shifted the writing material from papyrus to parchment, the medium change would have merely lowered the price of the written word. It was the format shift—combining the innovations of the tabula with parchment into an early book—that changed everything.

The size made information portable, the cover added durability, the pages made information more available, and the parchment brought the price down. It was a virtuous cycle of innovation that brought us the first books.

Then came modern paper made from ordinary bark and wood, invented in China around the year 100 and imported to Europe through the Middle East, lowering the price of the writing medium again. Then came movable type and the printing press to produce full pages of text mechanically, automating the scribe’s job of handwriting books away and easing distribution. Standards grew out of necessity and artistry, with the dimensions of books being based on the original size of folded sheepskin parchment and the typography and margins slowly converging into the one true idea of what a book should be.

Even as books grew in popularity, they didn’t replace scrolls entirely. “Scrolls were the prestige format, used for important works only: sacred texts, legal documents, history, literature,” noted Grossman. Parchment retained that status well into modern times—when 13 British colonies chose revolution, they leaned on parchment’s permanence and authoritativeness to declare themselves the United States.

“New technology seldom eliminates old technology,” wrote Mark Kurlansky in his history of paper. “It only creates another alternative.”

It was the upstarts—the poets, the writers, the dreamers, those whom Steve Jobs would later fondly call “the crazy ones”—who embraced change and made the book take hold. “You, who wish my poems should be everywhere with you … buy these which the parchment confines in small pages. This copy of me [sic] one hand can grasp,” advertised Roman poet Marcus Valerius Martialis (better known as Martial) of his notebook-sized works.

The earliest Christian church also made the book its own, from around 70 CE, with its literature written in books, not scrolls. “The codex permitted longer texts, such as the Gospels, to be contained within a single volume and to be referred to more easily,” notes Grout in his history of the book neé codex. It likely didn’t hurt that books lent the Church the cachet of the new and innovative, moving beyond the stuffy scrolls favored by Greek and Hebrew temples alike.

The book wasn’t invented in a stroke or popularized overnight. It was distilled from clay tablets to hardcover tomes over centuries, promoted by the early adopters and improved by innovators. One page at a time, they made the book the primary information store for humanity, and over the two ensuing millennia, the book became a default. We write quick notes in notebooks, publish more disposable, fleeting ideas in newspapers and pamphlets (both codices by Roman standards, if not books by modern ones), and publish our most important ideas in books for preservation. Over 51 million books fill the Library of Congress today, the greatest store of humanity’s collective knowledge.

It’s hard to think that the book didn’t exist all along.

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Comments

I think an advantage of e-book and almost nobody recognize is the fact you can set the size of the page in order to read the same rate word/minutes. You can set the most confortable size to read quickest than a printable version. For non-fiction books that is an amazing feature.

Matthew Guay about 2 years ago

@rsilvam I'd never thought of doing that—clever! I think my favorite thing is that I love highlighting e-books and then copying the quotes out on another device later. I hate messing up the pages of a print book, but have no such qualms with e-books.

@maguay I agree. Is one of my favorites features too. I have my kindle highlights linked with a Readwise account, so you can organize them better even export to another platform like Notion, etc. The taking note process is another topic that deserves a separate article, because has its own evolution process as the book itself.

@travailler.avec.emulation about 2 years ago

This is really great article! I love it! The best article of this month.
Memo to myself: https://share.glasp.co/kei/?p=GEDK05Ko2yVhDGJM2KAv