Twitter as a City-State

Epistemic status: wildly speculative

1

Is Twitter a regular company? Or is it, as Jack Dorsey and many others believe, more like a public utility?

jack⚡️@jack

Replying to @jack

The idea and service is all that matters to me, and I will do whatever it takes to protect both. Twitter as a company has always been my sole issue and my biggest regret. It has been owned by Wall Street and the ad model. Taking it back from Wall Street is the correct first step.

April 25th 2022, 9:03pm EST

5k Retweets34k Likes

jack⚡️@jack

Replying to @jack

In principle, I don’t believe anyone should own or run Twitter. It wants to be a public good at a protocol level, not a company. Solving for the problem of it being a company however, Elon is the singular solution I trust. I trust his mission to extend the light of consciousness.

April 25th 2022, 9:03pm EST

11k Retweets76k Likes

I don’t think ‘public utility’ is the most useful metaphor to understand what Twitter and its peers actually are.

Public utilities make sense when the product is a simple commodity, essential for everyday life, and delivered through a set of pipes that are incredibly expensive to install and maintain. Because it doesn’t make sense for there to be lots of duplicate pipes and most people want basically the same thing from their water, electricity, and gas, the companies that run these are granted official government monopoly status in exchange for not charging too much and ensuring reliable access.

Social networks aren’t like this. There are no expensive pipes to install—in fact they are incredibly cheap to build. The problem is getting people to use them. Also, unlike public utilities, social networks offer complex value propositions. Different people want different things, so there can be no one-size-fits-all solution. Social networks are also generally free to use and generally always on, so the main problems public utilities are regulated to solve aren’t really an issue.

But just because Twitter isn’t much like a public utility doesn’t mean it’s a normal company, either.

2

I think the internet is more like land. In this metaphor:

• URLs ~= Places
• Links ~= Roads
• Networks ~= City-states

Each city has a distinct personality, and within the city there are distinct neighborhoods and sub-communities. As with land, it’s easy to move into the wilderness and call it a city—the hard part is getting anyone to join you. People want to be close to lots of other people for all sorts of reasons: trade, romance, social status, etc. Even if you do manage to get people to join a new city, the personality of the new place will end up so different it’s almost unrecognizable—you can’t clone or move an existing city.

The big difference between physical space and cyberspace is that in cyberspace you can teleport. This makes starting new cities easier, since people can get there and back in two taps. But frictionless transit has its downsides: unlike the physical frontier, which has pretty good lock-in once you get there, it’s much harder to convince people to stay in new places online for long when everyone else is back in the big city.

Of course the ‘internet as land’ metaphor is not new: the idea of cyber ‘space’ has been around as long as the internet, and there are some amusingly literal takes on the idea, like Horizon Worlds and Decentraland. But to project internet activity onto a set of coordinates in 3D space is missing the point of the “internet as land” metaphor. What’s new in what I’m proposing, I think, is the idea that the important thing isn’t to copy the physical properties of meatspace—it’s to use meatspace principles to inform how we govern thoughtspace.

Nathan Baschez@nbashaw

November 2nd 2021, 1:46am EST

17 Retweets164 Likes

So if URLs are like land, and dense networks are like city-states, then what form of governance is appropriate? Probably not the autocracies we live with today. Most people probably want rulers to be bound by law, enforced by an impartial judiciary, and shaped by democratic legislative principles.

But how?

3

Most of the people who talk about user ownership of networks are focused on creating new city-states based on blockchain technology and egalitarian ideals, but comparatively little attention has been paid to reforming existing networks based on these same principles. I think this is a mistake. 

The network effects of cities are extremely difficult to compete with. It’s true that new cities are born all the time, but old cities tend to stick around once they hit critical mass. Throughout history it’s been more common for people to reform the power structures that govern their territory, rather than seek out new territory altogether. The United States is really the exception, rather than the rule. For every Declaration of Independence breaking away new territory (which, it’s important to note, was not really new and was certainly not unoccupied) you have several equivalent documents reforming existing territory: Britain had the Magna Carta, France had the Declaration of The Rights of Man and of the Citizen, ancient Rome had the Twelve Tables. In each case, rulers lost the confidence of the ruled, and were forced to accept limitations on their power.

It’s a long shot, but I wouldn’t be surprised if future historians include the charter that established Facebook’s Oversight Board—basically their version of a Supreme Court—in the same category of documents. I wouldn’t be surprised if we see other social networks copy it and take it further.

Why? The forces that cause revolutions are the same then as now. The Magna Carta was signed because a bunch of English Barons were pissed off that the taxes were too high and they were being disrespected and imprisoned by the King. This reminds me of the group of Barons that are now taking over Twitter to bust their friends out of internet jail! This is an extremely costly effort, which speaks to the power of Twitter’s network effect. It’s not so easy to start a new city online. Not one that matters, anyway.

Another parallel: just as in physical territory, online territory starts out as default autocratic, then only can become democratic through revolt, revolution, and reform. All territory on Earth was once either empty or controlled by some local warlord. Over time as civilizations scaled, warlords became emperors. And then in some places emperors lost control and became subject to rule of law. Democratization of online territory may follow the same pattern.

That being said, there are limits to the metaphor. It would be a huge mistake to copy/paste our obviously flawed forms of democracy onto online spaces.

How should network city-states democratize, then?

4

There are three core jobs-to-be-done of a democracy:

1. Ensure everyone is equally subject to and protected by the law (judicial)
2. Allow everyone to influence the law (legislative)
3. Elect leaders to enforce the laws and operate the public infrastructure (executive)

What would happen if online networks adopted these principles of governance? You can imagine all sorts of interesting configurations. For example, what would federalism look like on Twitter—could the network be split into regions that have some degree of local autonomy? What would happen if Twitter established a legislature? What if you could run for President of Twitter? I could imagine this being a death sentence for the company, but I could imagine it being the best thing to ever happen to the company, depending on how it was designed.

I’m no political scientist, so I don’t have concrete proposals yet for how I think digital land should be governed. But to me that’s ok, because we’re not at that step yet. 

First, we need to shift the metaphors we live by in order to make such a conceptual leap politically possible.

5

In 1980 an incredible book was published called Metaphors We Live By. The basic idea is that our everyday experience is deeply shaped by conceptual metaphors that govern our behavior, our expectations of others, and our perceptions of what is possible. 

For example, if you come from a culture where the ‘argument is war’ metaphor pervades thought and language, then you’ll defend your position at all costs and attack your opponent with the hopes of total victory. But if you come from a culture where argument is seen as a dance, perhaps your behavior and expectations would radically change.

The point is: different metaphors produce different behavior, which produces different results, some more desirable than others.

Right now the dominant metaphor we use to understand Twitter and networks like it are: ‘companies,’ which are ‘private property’ belonging to shareholders. We’ve seen the results this metaphor has generated: a lot of good, but a lot of bad, too.

Perhaps it’s time for a new metaphor.